內(nèi) 容 提 要
語氣是一種動(dòng)詞形式，用以表示說話者的意圖或態(tài)度。虛擬語氣表示說話者的主觀愿望、假想和建議等，所說的話有的與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，或與過去事實(shí)相反，或與將來事實(shí)相反或與將來事實(shí)可能相反。所以虛擬語氣總是與假設(shè)條件句用在一起。除了if條件句外，還有幾種常用的條件句，短語也可表示條件。此外，上下文也能創(chuàng)造虛擬的語言環(huán)境。但有時(shí)條件從句與結(jié)果主句可能發(fā)生時(shí)間不一致，有時(shí)虛擬語氣會(huì)出現(xiàn)倒裝情況。除了與條件句在一起使用的主句用虛擬語氣外，有些賓語從句或表語從句也有用虛擬語氣的情況。
I虛擬語氣的形式與基本用法
一、虛擬語氣的形式
虛擬(條件)語氣中，主句與從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的形式可分為下面四類
假設(shè)類型
條件從句謂語
動(dòng)詞形式
主語謂語
動(dòng)詞形式
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反
動(dòng)詞的過去式(be用were而不用was)
would(第一人稱可用should)
+動(dòng)詞原形
與過去事實(shí)相反
had+ -ED分詞
would(第一人稱可用should)
+have + -ED分詞
與將來事實(shí)相反
were to + 動(dòng)詞原形
would(第一人稱可用should)
+動(dòng)詞原形
與將來事實(shí)可能相反
should + 動(dòng)詞原形
would(第一人稱可用should)
+動(dòng)詞原形
二、虛擬語氣的基本用法
1. 與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反
1) What type of automobile would you buy ?
[A] if you have free choice to choose the cars available today
[B] if you are free to choose among all the cars available today
[C] if all cars available were free to be chosen by you
[D] if you were free to choose among all the cars available today
2. 與過去的事實(shí)相反(有時(shí)主句中的should have done表示責(zé)備或后悔)
2) ，he would have come to class.
[A] If Mike is able to finish his homework
[B] Would Mike be able to finish his homework
[C] If Mike could finish his homework
[D] If Mike had been able to finish his homework
3) If the United States had not entered the Second World War，probably the 1940 unemployment rate of 14% still further.
[A] would rise
[B] would risen
[C] would have risen
[D] had risen
4) Top?grade [A] diamonds had not [B] increased so sharply [C] in value in the late seventies [D] if one company had not controlled almost all of the world’s supply.
3. 與將來的事實(shí)相反
5) The report would be [A] released last January if new developments had not [B] made it necessary to revise all conclusions drawn from [C] the first series of [D] experiments.
6) It is said Tom will go to an appointment tommorrow. If he were to come tomorrow, I ask him to go to your place.
[A] will
[B] would
[C] shall
[D] might
7) If you to see Mary，what would you tell her?
[A] are
[B] will be going
[C] must
[D] were
4. 與將來的事實(shí)可能相反
(1) If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home. 要是萬一 明天下雨，我就呆在家里不出去。 事實(shí)上 現(xiàn)在天氣很好，明天下雨的可能性應(yīng)該不大，不過也說不準(zhǔn)。
(2) If I should see her next Monday, I would tell her about it. 如果下周一我能見到她的話我就把這件事告訴她。
三、例題解析
1) D為正確答案。
2) D為正確答案。
3) C為正確答案。
4) B錯(cuò)。改為would have not。
5) A錯(cuò)。改為would have been。
6) B為正確答案。
7) D為正確答案。
II 虛擬語氣的特殊表現(xiàn)形式
一、表示“好像”：除了if條件從句外，由as if和as though等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示方式時(shí)，意思是“好像”,這時(shí)從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用虛擬語氣。其動(dòng)詞形式用過去時(shí)(be用were的形式)表示所說的與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反;用過去完成時(shí)表示所說的與過去的事實(shí)相反
1) Violetta has a curious [A] expression on [B] her face as though she was smiling [C] about something that amused her [D] .
二、特殊連詞的需要：lest, for fear that和in case引起的從句(這時(shí)謂語多用should+加動(dòng)詞原形)
We dare not play jokes on Mr. Wang lest he should become angry. (我們不敢跟王先生開玩笑，恐怕他生氣。)
He hurried on, lest he should drop out in the forced match. (他加緊步伐，生怕在急行軍中掉隊(duì)。)
Every attention must be paid to him lest he (should) feel that he is inferior to my other guests. (我對他特別關(guān)照，唯恐他感覺到比我的其他客人低人一等。)
He’s working hard for fear that he should fail in the exam. (他加緊學(xué)習(xí)唯恐考試不及格。)
